World Airport Codes
Airport
NameLocationCountryCodePassengers
16Minneapolis/Saint
Paul International AirportMinneapolis/Saint Paul, MinnesotaUnited
States(MSP)32,628,331
|
Computer History
Year/Enter |
Computer History
Inventors/Inventions |
Computer History
Description of Event |
|
Konrad Zuse - Z1
Computer
|
First freely programmable computer.
|
|
|
John Atanasoff & Clifford Berry
ABC Computer |
Who was first in the computing biz is not always as easy as
ABC.
|
|
|
Howard Aiken & Grace Hopper
Harvard Mark I Computer |
The Harvard Mark 1 computer.
|
|
|
John Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly
ENIAC 1 Computer |
20,000 vacuum tubes later...
|
|
|
Frederic Williams & Tom Kilburn
Manchester Baby Computer & The Williams Tube |
Baby and the Williams Tube turn on the memories.
|
|
|
John Bardeen, Walter Brattain & Wiliam Shockley
The Transistor |
No, a transistor is not a computer, but this invention greatly
affected the history of computers.
|
|
|
John Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly
UNIVAC Computer |
First commercial computer & able to pick presidential winners.
|
|
|
International Business Machines
IBM 701 EDPM Computer |
IBM enters into 'The
History of Computers'.
|
|
|
John Backus & IBM
FORTRAN Computer Programming Language |
The first successful high level programming language.
|
|
|
Stanford Research Institute, Bank of America, and General
Electric
ERMA and MICR |
The first bank industry computer - also MICR (magnetic ink
character recognition) for reading checks.
|
|
|
Jack Kilby & Robert Noyce
The Integrated Circuit |
Otherwise known as 'The Chip'
|
|
|
Steve Russell & MIT
Spacewar Computer Game |
The first computer game invented.
|
|
|
Douglas Engelbart
Computer Mouse & Windows |
Nicknamed the mouse because the tail came out the end.
|
|
|
ARPAnet
|
The original Internet.
|
|
|
Intel 1103 Computer Memory
|
The world's first available dynamic RAM chip.
|
|
|
Faggin, Hoff & Mazor
Intel 4004 Computer Microprocessor |
The first microprocessor.
|
|
|
Alan Shugart &IBM
The "Floppy" Disk |
Nicknamed the "Floppy" for its flexibility.
|
|
|
Robert Metcalfe & Xerox
The Ethernet Computer Networking |
Networking.
|
|
|
Scelbi & Mark-8 Altair & IBM 5100 Computers
|
The first consumer computers.
|
|
|
Apple I, II & TRS-80 & Commodore Pet Computers
|
More first consumer computers.
|
|
|
Dan Bricklin & Bob Frankston
VisiCalc Spreadsheet Software |
Any product that pays for itself in two weeks is a surefire
winner.
|
|
|
Seymour Rubenstein & Rob Barnaby
WordStar Software |
Word Processors.
|
|
|
IBM
The IBM PC - Home Computer |
From an "Acorn" grows a personal computer revolution
|
|
|
Microsoft
MS-DOS Computer Operating System |
From "Quick And Dirty" comes the operating system of
the century.
|
|
|
Apple Lisa Computer
|
The first home computer with a GUI, graphical user interface.
|
|
|
Apple Macintosh Computer
|
The more affordable home computer with a GUI.
|
|
|
Microsoft Windows
|
Microsoft begins the friendly war with Apple.
|
|
|
SERIES
|
TO BE
|
CONTINUED
|
Timeline of Inventions
Timeline of
technology and inventions - complete with leads to detailed articles and
photos.
Modern Inventions
A timeline
of 21st century modern inventions of 2000 and beyond
Top Inventions of 2008
New
inventions of 2008
Top Inventions of 2009
New
inventions of 2009 include: a new computer interface called the sixth sense
20th Century Timeline 1900
- 1999
20th
century inventions - the science and technology behind the modern age.
19th Century Inventions
1800 to 1899
The
invention of useable electricity, steel, and petroleum products during the 19th
century lead to the growth of railways, steam ships, faster and wider means of
communication, and inventions with names we all know today.
18th Century Timeline 1700
- 1799
The 18th
century saw the widespread replacement of manual labor by new inventions and
machinery.
17th Century Timeline 1600
- 1699
By the end
of the 17th century, a scientific revolution had occurred and science had
become an established mathematical, mechanical, and empirical body of
knowledge.
Ads
16th Century Timeline 1500
- 1599
The 16th
century was a time of unprecedented change, the very beginning of the modern
era of science, a time of great exploration, religious and political urmoil,
and extraordinary literature.
15th Century Timeline 1400
- 1499
The 15th
century marked a return to research, learning, and the spread of knowledge
after the Dark Ages.
Middle Ages Timeline 1000 -
1399
While there
was a suppression of knowledge and learning, the Middle Ages was a period full
of discovery and inventing.
Timeline - The History of
Transportation
The history
of transportation innovations - cars, bikes, planes, and more.
The History of
Communication
The history
of communication innovations including: the telephone, television, printing,
computers, Internet, and more.
The History of Computers
A history
of computers and the inventors involved with each computer milestone, includes
detailed history features.
Rockets - Leaving Earth
Behind
Timeline of
rockets - 3000 BCE - 1989 AD
Timeline - Evolution of
Submarine Design
The
following timeline summarizes the evolution of submarine design, from the
submarine's beginning as a human-powered warship to today's nuclear powered
subs.
Photography and the History
of the Camera
Timeline of
the history of photography
Timeline of the Life of
Thomas Edison
One of the
world's most prolific inventors.
Biography Timeline - Emile
Berliner
Biography
timeline of Emile Berliner - inventor of the gramophone.
Timeline of Alexander
Graham Bell: 1847 to 1922
Timeline
biography and photos of Alexander Graham Bell 1847 to 1922.
Electricity - Electronic
Inventions
Timeline -
important events in the history of electricity.
Nuclear Power
A timeline
of nuclear innovations and famous figures in radiation history and the building
of the atomic bomb
History of Television
Timeline
Television
was not invented by a single inventor, instead many people working together and
alone, contributed to the evolution of television.
The History of the
Incandescent Lightbulb
Timeline
outlining the development of the lightbulb.
Dash Dot Dash
Timeline on
the life of Samuel Morse, the inventor of Morse code and the improved
telegraph.
Timeline of Microscopes
A detailed
timeline that covers the history of microscopes.
Significant Dates in Post
Office History
History of
the United States Post Office service
Photovoltaics
Timeline of
photovoltaics
Soft Drink History
A timeline
of soft drink history including coca cola and pepsi cola - the inventors and
history behind pop.
Atomic Clock History
A timeline
of the history of atomic clocks.
Electricity Milestones
Timeline -
important events in the history of electricity.
The History of Plastic
The history
of plastic - different types - timeline of plastics.
The Evolution of Submarine
Design
The
evolution of submarine design.
Textile Industry and
Textile Machinery
Timeline of
the textile machinery developed during the Industrial revolution.
Understanding a Robot
What is a
robot and the history and timeline of robotics.
The History of Chewing Gum
and Bubble Gum
A little
chewing gum history from Thomas Adams tire chicle to the Diemer bubble gum.
Timeline of Chocolate
The culture
of the cocoa bean.
A Short History and
Timeline of Gas Turbine Engines
How engines
evolved.
History of the Electron
Tube Highlights
History of
vacuum tubes.
World
History : Hyper History
Hyper
History presents 3000 years of world history with a combination of colorful
graphics, lifelines, and maps.
History
of Technology : 1752 - 1990
From
Benjamin Franklin's lightning rod to the Hubble Space Telescope, this timeline
covers some of America's greatest technological innovations.
Technology
History
Ken Polsson
of Victoria, BC is famous for his timeline on the personal computer, but he has
also written chronologies on the Chevrolet Corvettes and A & W Root Beer,
among others.
Telecomunications History
The following
chronology is provided by Webb & Associates and covers the history of
telecommunications between the late 1800s until today.
History of Western Technology
Timeline of
technology covering 700 B.C. to 1950.
American
Industry
How did
technological innovation impact the United States after the Civil War?
Carbons
to Computers Historical Timeline
A timeline
of the technology that created the modern American office.
Emergence
of Advertising in America - 1850 to 1920
This
timeline includes selected events in business technology, media, marketing, and
advertising for the decades covered by this project.
Technology Timeline
Brief
reports on the highlights of technology from 1600 onwards.
The Encyclopedia of World
History
Renowned
historian Peter Stearns and thirty prominent historians have combined their
expertise over the past ten years to perfect this comprehensive chronology of
more than 20,000 entries that span the millennia from prehistoric times to the
year 2000.
PC and Game History
Timeline of IBM History
A timeline
of the major achievements of IBM.
Top Inventions of 2011
New
inventions of 2011 include the light field camera, the world's smallest
printer, and an electronic blood hound.
Understand the Electron and Its
Environment, and the Doors of Technology Will Open for You.
Tommy's History of "Western Technology"
Based on the bicentennial issue of
Vol 24, number 4 — Feb. 16,
1976
© 1976 – Hayden Publishing Company Inc.
50 Essex St. Rochelle Park, NJ 07662
© 1976 – Hayden Publishing Company Inc.
50 Essex St. Rochelle Park, NJ 07662
Historical Time Line
"Those who do not remember the
past are condemned to repeat it."
"If our understanding of our ancestors is distorted,
we cannot begin to know who we are let alone build on our ancestral heritage."
"If our understanding of our ancestors is distorted,
we cannot begin to know who we are let alone build on our ancestral heritage."
|
· Babylonians destroy the Assyrian capital of
Nineveh.
· Tholes of
Miletus observes the attraction of light to rubbed amber.
|
|
|
535 A.D.
|
· The "Dark
Ages" begin when the volcano Krakatoa explodes, reducing daylight to
4 hours per day and affecting crop growth for 10 years. Most Ancient Knowledge
is Lost to the West.
|
|
· William Shakespeare writes
"Hamlet," "Othello," "Macbeth," "Henry
V," "King Lear," "Twelfth Night" and other plays.
|
|
|
1650
|
|
|
1691
|
|
|
1725
to 1735 |
· Stephen Gray
discovers that electricity can be transmitted.
· Charles Dufay
splits electricity into two kinds: vitreous and resinous.
|
|
1745
|
· British and American colonials fight the
French in King George's War.
|
|
1750
to 1754 |
· America and Great Britain adopt the
Gregorian calendar.
· French and Indian War begins.
· Benjamin
Franklin files a kite in a thunderstorm to prove the equivalency
of electricity and lighting.
|
|
1780
|
· Franz Joseph Haydn composes his famous
Quartets.
· Luigi Gaivani
notices that an electrical spark causes contractions in the leg muscle of a
frog.
|
|
1800
|
· Alessandro
Volta invents the first battery the – voltaic
pile – and revolutionizes the study of electricity.
|
|
1819
to 1825 |
· Missouri Compromise limits slavery in
America.
· Monroe Doctrine declared.
· Hans Christian
Oersted discovers electromagnetism.
· Andrè Ampère
and Georg Ohm propound their great laws.
|
|
1830
to 1835 |
· Joseph Smith founds the Mormon Church.
· Slavery outlawed in the British Empire.
· Joseph Henry
and Michael Faraday independently discover electromagnetic induction and the
generation of electricity
by magnetism.
|
|
1835
to 1840 |
· Battle of the Alamo.
· Opium Wars break out between China and
Britain.
|
|
1839
|
· Charles Darwin publishes his "Voyage
of the 'Beagle'."
· Karl Friedrich
Gauss Publishes his theory of "forces attracting according to the
inverse square of the distances."
|
|
1841
|
· The Preemption Act legalizes
"squatting" on Western lands of the U.S.
|
|
1844
|
· Alexandre Dumas writes "The Three
Musketeers. "
· Samuel Morse
transmits the first message with a demonstration telegraph line, between
Washington and Baltimore.
|
|
1847
|
· Gold is discovered in California.
· George Boole
establishes the foundation of computer operation in his "Mathematical
Loqic."
|
|
1848
|
· Cyrus McCormick invents the reaper, which
turns wheat farming into big business.
· American
Association for the Advancement of Science founded at Philadelphia.
|
|
1849
|
· Antonio Meucci
The True Father of Telephony, sends voice over wires and then creates
the first phone system.
|
|
1850
|
· Heinrich
Helmholtz determines the speed of the nervous impulse.
|
|
1851
|
· Herman Melville writes "Moby
Dick."
· Charles &
Page makes a 19–mph trip from Washington to Bladensburg, MD, on his electric
locomotive.
|
|
1858
|
· Col. E. L Drake devises a method of
deep–well drilling and strikes oil.
· Michael Faraday
supervises the installation of Alliance dynamos for the first arc lights in
English lighthouses.
|
|
1861
|
· Johann Philipp
Reis builds the first telephone in Germany.
· Joseph Wilson
Swan invents the first incandescent lamp in the U.S.
|
|
1863
|
· Abraham Lincoln delivers the Gettysburg
address.
· Henry Wilde
begins research that leads to the first practical generator.
|
|
1865
|
· Lincoln is assassinated.
· A second
attempt to lay an Atlantic cable fails after 1186 miles have been paid out.
Cost $3-million.
|
|
1866
|
· Alfred Nobel
invents dynamite.
· Cyrus Field
lays the first successful Atlantic Cable.
|
|
1869
|
· Railroad service is established between the
East and the West Coasts.
· The first
gas–heated thermo–electric battery is developed in France.
|
|
1873
|
· Joseph Glidden produces the barbed wire
fence and changes the development of the American West.
· The first demonstration
of the transmission
of mechanical power through electrical means.
· Maxwell
publishes his treatise on the theory of electromagnetic radiation.
|
|
1876
|
· General George Custer's last stand brings a
public demand for the end of the "Indian menace."
· Alexander
Graham Bell develops his "practical
telephone".
|
|
1879
|
· Thomas Alva
Edison and J. W. Swan independently invent the carbon–filament lamp.
· Albert Einstein
is born.
· James Clerk
Maxwell dies.
|
|
1880
|
· Jacques and
Pierm Curie discover the piezoelectric effect, later applied to control the
frequency of oscillators.
· Edwin H. Hall
discovers the Hall Effect, whereby a magnetic field can deflect current
carriers in semiconductors.
· Edison installs
electric street lighting in New York City.
|
|
1881
|
· President James A. Garfield is
assassinated.
· The Panama
Canal, operated by electricity, is completed.
|
|
1882
|
· Prof. Amos E.
Dolboar patents a wireless communications apparatus.
|
|
1883
|
· The Metropolitan Opera is founded in New
York City.
· Edison
discovers the Edison Effect in which a hot filament in
a vacuum emits electrons to an adjacent conductor.
|
|
1884
|
· Mark Twain's "Huckleberry Finn"
is published.
· Paul Nipkow
patents the television scanning disc, the basic device used in early
mechanical TV systems.
|
|
1885
|
· The Brooklyn Bridge is completed.
· The Statue of Liberty is unveiled.
· Sir William H.
Preece demonstrates induction "wireless" communications.
· First electric
street railway in U.S. opens in Baltimore.
|
|
1886
|
· Heinrich Hertz proves experimentally
that "electric" waves and light waves are identical.
· Edison patents
carbon microphone, which vastly improves telephone service.
· Alternating
current is first used in America for a commercial 114 Hz lighting system.
|
|
1887
|
· Giussepe Verdi writes the opera
"Otello." Dr. A. Conan Doyle's first Sherlock Holmes story is
published.
|
|
1888
|
· Nikola Tesla
invents the AC induction motor.
· Westinghouse
manufactures it.
· Columbia
Phonograph Co. is organized by Edward D. Easton.
|
|
1889
|
· Auguste F. Rodin finishes his sculpture,
"The Thinker."
· Eiffel Tower in
Paris is completed.
|
|
1890
|
· First
"tube" railway passes beneath the Thames.
· First execution
by electrocution, at Auburn, NY. 60 Hz A.C. Used
· Prof. Edouard
Branly in France develops the coherer, used by Marconi to detect Hertzian
waves.
· Johnstone
Stoney first introduces the term "electron."
· Nikola Tesla
patents the Tesla Coil for the production of high–voltage and high–frequency
oscillations.
|
|
1892
|
· Henei de Toulouse–Lautrec paints his famous
"At the Moulin Rouge."
· Sir William
Preece signals across the Bristol Channel by induction.
· The General
Electric Co. forms by merger.
|
|
1893
|
· Hawaii is annexed to the U.S.
· Nikola Tesla
lectures at the Franklin Institute on his plan for wireless power
transmission.
· The
International Electrical Congress at Chicago adopts the "henry" as
the unit of electrical inductance.
|
|
1894
|
· Alfred Dreyfus is framed on treason charges
in France.
· Edison's
Kinetoscope given first public showing in New York City.
|
|
1895
|
· Guglielmo
Marconi communicates via wireless signals near Bologna. Italy.
· Alexander S.
Popov claims to have sent wireless signals 600 yards.
|
|
1896
|
· Eldridge R.
Johnson makes phonographs in his Camden, NJ, machine shop, registers the
trademark "Victor."
· Marconi sends
wireless signals two miles at Salisbury Plain, England.
· Frank L Capps
develops a constant–speed spring–motor drive for phonographs.
|
|
1897
|
· The discovery of gold in the Yukon leads to
the Klondike gold rush.
· Marconi
demonstrates ship–to–shore wireless.
· Karl Ferdinand
Braun constructs first cathode-ray oscilloscope.
|
|
1898
|
· Admiral Dewey destroys Spanish fleet at
Manila.
· H. G. Wells writes "The War of
Worlds."
· The Paris
subway becomes operational.
· The Zeppelin is
invented.
· Pierre and
Marie Curie discover radium and polonium.
· First paid
radio message is sent.
|
|
1899
|
· Aspirin is invented.
· Sound Is first recorded
on magnetic wire.
· Marconi comes
to the U.S. to wireless bulletins of the American Cup races.
|
|
1900
|
· Sir Oliver Heaviside
and Prof. Arthur E. Kennelly suggest existence of a reflecting medium
for radio waves in the upper levels of the atmosphere.
· Michael Pupin
invents the loading coil, which improves long–line telephony.
· Marconi files
for patent on "tuned," or synchronized system of wireless.
· William O.
Ouddel discovers that an arc can be made to produce continuous oscillations.
· Prof. Reginald
A. Fessenden first transmits speech by wireless.
|
|
1901
|
· Queen Victoria dies.
· DeForest
Wireless Telegraph Co. is organized, forerunner of the audion tube
development.
|
|
1902
|
· President William McKinley assassinated.
· Prof. R. A.
Fessenden introduces the electrolytic detector.
|
|
1903
|
· Wright brothers
make first successful aero plane flight, at Kitty Hawk, NC.
· Valdemar
Paulsen designs a "singing arc" that produces continuous waves at
100 kHz.
· Dr. Ernst F. W.
Atexandemon builds first high frequency alternator (100 kHz) at General
Electric based on Prof. Reginald A. Fessenden's specifications.
· Prof. Friedrich
Hasenöhrl postulates the equation m = E ÷ c2.
|
|
1904
|
· Prof. John
Ambrose Fleming patents the two–element thermianic valve detector based upon
the Edison Effect.
|
|
1905
|
· Albert Einstein
publishes his Special Theory of Relativity and the equation, E = mc2.
· Albert Einstein
states Theory of Relativity
|
|
1906
|
· Reginald
Fessenden broadcasts music by wireless.
· Ernst
Alexanderson develops high–frequency alternator.
· Lee De Forest
adds grid to Fleming valve and produces the first triode vacuum tube.
|
|
1912
|
· Titanic sinks on maiden voyage.
· Harold Arnold
and Irving Langmuir both develop high–vacuum tube at different companies.
|
|
1914
|
· World War I begins.
· Lawrence Sperry
builds gyropilot.
· Reginald
Fessenden discovers echo ranging, a forerunner of radar and sonar.
|
|
1915
|
· John Carson
invents single–sideband transmission.
|
|
1917
|
· Americans enter
World War I.
· George Campbell
develops wave filter.
|
|
1920
|
· Pittsburgh's
KDKA is first broadcast radio station.
· Magnetron
invented by Albert Hull.
· Major Edwin
Howard Armstrong 's superheterodyne circuit is forerunner to modern radio
receivers.
|
|
1922
|
· Harald Friis
develops first superheterodyne radio receiver.
|
|
1923
|
· Herbert Ives
demonstrates telephotography.
· Vladimir
Zworykin patents lconoscope TV camera tube.
|
|
1924
|
· Lloyd
Espenschied shows first radio altimeter.
· Edward Appleton
and M. F. Barett measure the Heaviside layer.
|
|
1925
|
· John B. Johnson
explains thermal noise. TV demonstrated by John L. Baird in England.
|
|
1926
|
· Radio compass
conceived by Henri Busignies.
|
|
1927
|
· Charles
Lindbergh crosses Atlantic in 37 hours.
· Harold S. Black
tries negative feed back amplifier for first time.
|
|
1928
|
· Zworykin
demonstrates Kinescope TV tube.
|
|
1929
|
· Stock market
crash on Wall Street.
· Publication of
Alexander's "Colloid
Chemistry – Volume 2".
· Coaxial cable
developed by Herman Affel and Espenschied.
· James K. Clapp
and L. M. Hull show first commercial frequency standard.
|
|
1930
|
· Basic radar
patent for pulse–echo direction finding and ranging is granted to Col.
William Blair.
· Stroboscope by
Harold Edgerton revolutionizes photography.
|
|
1932
|
· Lindbergh kidnapping.
· Mutual Telephone started the first phone
service from Hawaii to the continental U.S.
· Spectrum
analyzer developed by Marcel Wallace.
|
|
1933
|
· Dr. R. Raymond
Rife Creates a Universal Microscope that
afforded resolutions greater than 31,000 diameters, with magnifications in
excess of 60,000 diameters — It resolved structures down to 50 Angstroms ( 10–10
meters ).
· Karl Jansky
discovers radio astronomy.
|
|
1934
|
· Ernest O.
Lawrence develops cyclotron.
|
|
1935
|
|
|
1937
|
· Arturo Toscanini conducts NBC Symphony.
· Varian brothers
Russell and Sigurd invent klystron.
· Pulse–code
modulation conceived by A. H. Reeves.
|
|
1938
|
· Constant
potential transformer invented by Joseph Sola.
|
|
1939
|
· World War II begins.
· Wien bridge
audio oscillator patented by William Hewlett.
· RCA and Bell
both develop FM altimeter.
· The Scientific
Beginning of "The
Philadelphia Experiment"
Naval Research Laboratories investigate the possibility of optically "cloaking" vessels of war. |
|
1940
|
· Electronic
analog computer developed by D. B. Parkinson and C. A. Lovell.
· Arnold Beckman
develops 10–turn helical potentiometer.
|
|
1941
|
· Pearl Harbor attacked by Japanese.
· Manhattan
Project begins.
|
|
1942
|
· United Nations founded.
· Enrico Fermi
splits atom.
|
|
1943
|
· Thomas Wallace
publishes The
Diagnosis of Mineral Deficiencies in Plants by Visual Symptoms
· Term
"radar" coined by Corn. S. M. Tucker.
· Rudolph
Kompfner invents TWT.
|
|
1944
|
· Howard Aiken
builds Automatic Sequence–Controlled Calculator.
|
|
1945
|
· Thermonuclear
device tested at Alamogordo, NM.
· Atom bombs are
dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
|
|
1946
|
· ENIAC computer
developed by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert.
|
|
1947
|
· First fully
automatic flight control developed by Bendix and Sperry.
|
|
1948
|
· Transistor
invented by William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter H. Brattain.
· Information
Theory laid out by Claude Shannon.
|
|
1947
|
· Main Group of Dead Sea Scrolls are found in
Palestine.
· Edwin Land
develops the Polaroid camera.
· Charles Yeager
breaks the sound barrier while piloting the experimental jet X-1.
· John Bardeen,
Walter Brattain and William Shockley at Bell Labs develop the first
point-contact transistor.
|
|
1948
|
· Mahatma Gandhi is assassinated in India.
· Israel gains independence as British
mandate ends.
· James Clapp of
General Radio designs the Clapp oscillator.
· Claude Shannon
at Bell Labs delivers paper on information theory.
· EDSAC, one of
the first stored-program digital computers, is introduced in England.
|
|
1949
|
· George Orwell's book "1984" is
published providing a frightening view of the future.
· RCA develops
the 45-rpm record. Picture:
Cutting a 45-master
· CBS introduces
the 33-1/3 LP disc.
· John von
Neumann introduces his self-propagating-machine concept.
|
|
1950
|
· Jay Wright
Forrester of MIT devises the magnetic core memory.
|
|
1951
|
· U.N. building opens in New York City.
|
|
1952
|
· General Dwight Eisenhower becomes President
of the United States.
· Jonas Salk
starts development of poliomeyelitis vaccine at Pittsburgh University.
· U.S. explodes
first hydrogen bomb.
· Bourns develops
the trimming potientiometer.
· Andrew Kay at
Non Linear Systems introduces commercial digital voltmeter.
|
|
1953
|
· Ian Fleming introduces super spy James Bond
in "Casino Royale."
· Julius and Ethel Rosenberg executed for
conspiracy to commit sabotage.
· Korean War ends.
· Charles Townes,
J.P. Gordon and Herbert Zeiger of Columbia University develop the maser, a
super–low–noise microwave amplifier.
· Tektronix
develops the first plug-in oscilloscope.
|
|
1954
|
· Roger Bannister breaks the four-minute
mile.
· United States Senator Joseph McCarthy
censured by Senate 67 to 22.
· Daryl Chapin,
Calvin Fuller and Gerald Pearson at Bell Labs develop the solar battery.
· Texas
Instruments introduces commercial silicon
junction transistors.
· First consumer
transistor radio introduced by Regency.
· Gordon Teal and
Ernest Buehler of Bell Labs develop single-crystal silicon.
|
|
1955
|
· Walt Disney opens Disneyland.
· United States
launches atomic submarine Nautilus.
· Arthur Uhlir
and A. Bakanowski at Bell Labs develop the varactor diode.
|
|
1956
|
· Scientists at
Los Alamos discover neutrino.
· General
Electric creates artificial
diamonds and introduces first commercial silicon controlled rectifier.
|
|
1957
|
· Dr. Albert E.
Sabin introduces oral polio vaccine.
· RCA develops FM
radio transmitter pill for medical telemetry.
· USSR launches
Sputnik, first man-made orbital satellite.
· Burroughs
introduces gas–discharge numeric display tube.
· Hughes
introduces the storage oscilloscope.
|
|
1958
|
· U.S. launches
Explorer I satellite.
· Texas
Instruments and Fairchild announce development of first integrated circuits.
|
|
1959
|
· Alaska and Hawaii admitted to Union.
· RCA develops
the nuvistor vacuum tube, the last small–signal vacuum tube to compete with
transistors.
· Lumitron
introduces the first commercial sampling scope, invented by Robert Sugarman
at Brookhaven National Labs.
|
|
1959
|
· Fidel Castro assumes power in Cuba.
· Cold–cathode
vacuum tube emerges from Tung–Sol.
|
|
1960
|
· Kennedy wins close Presidential election
over Nixon.
· Theodore Maiman
develops ruby laser at Hughes Research Labs.
|
|
1961
|
· Soviet
astronaut becomes first human space traveler.
· Atlas computer,
the world's largest, installed. It aids in atomic research and weather
forecasting.
|
|
1962
|
· Soviet missiles removed
from Cuba. — U.S. missiles removed from Turkey.
· Signetics
introduces diode–transistor logic.
|
|
1963
|
· Assassin kills President Kennedy.
· IBM's John Gunn
develops active diode.
|
|
1964
|
· Mainland China
tests atomic bomb.
· RCA builds
overlay–geometry radio–frequency transistor.
|
|
1965
|
·
Electric power failure blacks out
northeastern US.
· Impatt diode
emerges from Bell Labs.
|
|
1966
|
· US begins Medicare program.
· Andrew H.
Bobeck announces development of magnetic–bubble devices.
|
|
1967
|
· Christiaan Barnard performs first successful
heart transplant.
|
|
1968
|
· Assassins kill Sen. Robert Kennedy and
civil–rights leader Martin Luther King.
· Thomas M.
Riddick publishes Control of
Colloid Stability through Zeta Potential
· RCA introduces
COS/MOS.
|
|
1969
|
· Neil
Armstrong sets foot, on the moon.
· IBM reports
development of cache memory using bipolar storage integrated circuits.
|
|
1970
|
· Thor Heyerdahl crosses Atlantic in frail
papyrus boat like one that could have been used by ancient Egyptians.
· Bell Labs'
Willard Boyle and George Smith develop charge–coupled devices.
|
|
1971
|
· UN grants membership to mainland China.
· Intel
introduces microprocessors.
· Tommy begins
work on a huge outdoor sound
system for Milwaukee's 1972 "Summerfest."
In essence and function, it was a huge solid state analog computer — 24 inputs and stereo outputs. |
|
???
|
And then
things got really crazy! There came a flood of new devices
and technology. — I have Trade Magazines from
that period and will post more later.
|
|
1972
|
|
|
1987
|
· David Hudson
files patent on ORME – Mono-Atomic Elements
[ Orbitly Rearranged Mono-atomic Elements ] |
|
1988
|
· Hudson files
patent S-ORME – Super Conducting Mono-Atomic Elements
[ High Temperature – Super Conducting Orbitly Rearranged Mono-atomic Elements ] |
A Century of Giants
We see
history sharper at a distance. Today we can look back and see the importance of
events that took place 200 years ago. But nearness blurs our vision.
Today we can look back (as
we do in the following pages) at the contributions of our industry's pioneers —
men like James Watt (1736 – 1819), Alessandro Volta (1745 – 1827), Andrè Marie
Ampère (1775 – 1836), George Simon Ohm (1787 – 1854), Michael Faraday (1791 –
1867), and Joseph Henery (1797 – 1878) — men who left their names as our Units
of Measurement. We can see how much we owe them, and how much history depends
on them, but their contemporaries were often too close to see the significance
of their contributions. Even as we look at these men of the 18th century from a 200–year–off peak, we look too closely. We see them distilled as engineers, inventors, chemists, physicists, and mathematicians. We don't see flesh on their bones, and we don't see the society that molded them.
Yet the environment that gave us the grand old men of a brand new technology also gave us great masters of music, art, literature and architecture. Who were these men?
The century gave us revolutions
The 18th century was a busy one indeed. It gave the world two major political revolutions — one in America (1775 – 1783) and one in France (1789 – 1799) — along with the Industrial Revolution, and it gave us men who contributed to the history of mankind. In music alone, it gave us composers whose very names have become synonyms for greatness.
And musicians
Johann Sebastian Bach (1685 – 1750), a member of a German family that had provided musicians and composers for almost 200 years, set a standard for all composers who followed. Had he written only his "Passion According to St. Matthew" and his "Mass in B–minor, he would have earned his place in history. But he wrote hundreds of great and lesser works. He was the father of 20 children, four of whom became important composers, albeit not of their father's stature.
The century would have given enough to music with Bach alone, but it gave us, too, the German–born British composer, George Frederick Handel (1685 – 1759); the Italians, Antonio Vivaldi (1680 – 1743), Alessandro Scarlatti (1659 – 1725) and his more illustrious son, Domenico (1683 – 1757); the Austrians, Franz Joseph Haydn (1732 – 1809) and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756 – 1791) — a colossal composer of operas, symphonies, chamber music and choral works. In his brief life he achieved a record for achievement and versatility unmatched by any great composer.
And as if that were not enough, the 18th century gave us that towering musical genius, Ludwig van Beethoven (1770 – 1827).
And Artists
It was the century of English painters like Thomas Gainsborough (1727 – 1788), William Hogarth (1697 – 1764), John Constable (1776 – 1837), color genius Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775 – 1851) and Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723 – 1792), president of the Royal Academy from its inception in 1768. A lifelong friend of Dr. Samuel Johnson, he was the painter of such great literary figures of the day as Laurence Sterne, Oliver Goldsmith, Edward Gibbon and statesman Edmund Burke.
France had an ample share of painters with Jean Honorè Fragonard (1732 – 1806); Francois Boucher (1703 – 1770), who was court painter to Louis XV; and Jacques Louis David (1748 – 1825), founder of the French classical school and court painter to Louis XVI and Napoleon I.
France gave us, too, the great sculptor, Jean Antoine Houdon (1740 – 1828) — who created busts of Voltaire, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Molière, Benjamin Franklin and George Washington; the world was smaller then.
The youthful U.S. republic produced painters like John Singleton Copley (1738 – 1815), who painted Paul Revere; Benjamin West (1738 – 1820), who painted steamship inventor Robert Fulton; Gilbert Charles Stuart (1755 – 1828), who painted the first President of the new nation, George Washington; and Rembrandt Peale (1778 – 1860), who painted the third President, Thomas Jefferson.
And writers
Jefferson, in fact was more than just a President. He founded the first professorship of law in the United States; he was a fine violinist, singer and dancer; he founded the University of Virginia near his home at Charlottesville, VA; he was the architect of its buildings, and of Monticello, his home.
History doesn't remember Jefferson as an author – though he drafted the Declaration of Independence. But it does remember many others of his time. There were the Englishmen, Samuel Richardson (1689 – 1761), who wrote the first novel, Pamela (or Virtue Rewarded); and Henry Fielding (1707 – 1754), the second novelist, who wrote The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, the greatest novel of the century.
What writers that century produced! It gave us Alexander Pope (1688 – 1744), poet, essayist, brilliant wit and satirist (The Rape of the Lock); Jonathan Swift (1667 – 1745), who wrote some of the most perfect and powerful 18th century prose and is best remembered for his acrid satire, Gullivei's Travels; and John Gay (1685 – 1732), who wrote what might be called the first musical, The Beggar's Opera.
It was the century of Laurence Sterne (1713 – 1768), who wrote the wildly rollicking The Life amid Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman; of James Boswell (1740 – 1795), best known for The Life of Samuel Johnson, LL.D.; of Samuel Johnson (1709 – 1784), whose Dictionary of the English Language was the foundation for modern dictionaries, though Johnson permitted more opinion to invade the work than would be acceptable today. His definitions include, for example: oat –, a grain which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people; patriotism — the last refuge of a scoundrel; politician — a man artifice.
The 18th century gave us, too, the final years of the team of Joseph Addison (1672 – 1719) and Richard Steele (1672 – 1729), who produced those most influential literary periodicals, The Tatler and The Spectator. And it gave us Oliver Goldsmith (1730 – 1774), best remembered for his poem, "The Deserted Village," his novel, The Vicar of Wakefield, and his delightful comic drama, She Stoops to Conquer.
It gave us Jane Austen (1775 – 1887), the sensitive author of Emma, Pride and Prejudice and Sense and Sensibility; Edward Gibbon (1737 – 1794) of The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire; William Wordsworth, (1770 – 1850) and Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772 – 1834), who joined to revolutionize English poetry by using everyday speech. And these were just the English.
While Germany produced poet and dramatist Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749 – 1832), France provided writer-philosophers – some of whom, perhaps unwittingly, were laying the foundations for the French Revolution.
There was Baron de Montesquieu (1689 – 1755), a philosopher, writer and jurist; Swiss–born Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712 – 1778), who rote The Social Contract; Denis Diderot (1713 – 1784), philosopher, and encyclopedist; and Francois Marie Arouet (1694 – 1778), better known as Voltaire, whose Candide was just one example of the bitter cynicism and anti–authoritarianism that earned for Voltaire two sentences in the Bastille and repeated periods of exile.
And philosophers
While the century provided amply for future lovers of music, art and letters, it gave us philosophy. too. In Germany, there was Immanuel Kant (1724 – 1804) and George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770 – 1831), who wrote on logic, theology, the human mind, history and ethics. His approach to truth used the dialectic, a philosophical method taken from the Greek philosophers and that included the concept of the unity of opposites, ideal and real, general and specific, finite and infinite. This approach became part of the philosophical heritage of the next century's Communist philosophers, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
While Hegel in Germany laid a philosophical foundation for Marx and Engels, John Wesley (1703 – 1791) in England founded a new Protestant denomination, Methodism, and his brother, Charles (1707 – 1786), became a Methodist preacher and wrote 6500 hymns.
And scientists
The 18th century gave man a better understanding of nature, too. Among its great scientists were Antoine Lavoisier (1743 – 1794), the Frenchman regarded as the founder of modern chemistry; James Watt (1736 – 1819), the Scottish engineer who invented the modern steam engine and the centrifugal governor; and Luigi Galvani (1737 – 1798), an Italian physiologist who theorized about the production of electricity.
And Benjamin Franklin (1706 – 1790). This Boston–born Philadelphia printer wrote Poor Richard's Almanack and became wealthy. One of the most influential citizens of Philadelphia, he founded the first circulating library in America; founded the American Philosophical Society; and organized the first fire company.
Attracted by experiments with the Leyden jar, and continuing with other experiments, he proved the identity of lightning and electricity, and was first to propose the theory that there are two kinds of electricity — positive and negative.
Franklin invented many devices but his importance did not lay in contrivances like the Franklin stove and bifocals.
He presented a new way to think about nature as being subject to rules.
This man, too, was a product of his times. And the times that gave us such great men of art, music and literature were the times that gave us the men who fathered the electronics industry we know today.
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
December 11, 1975
Next year marks the
beginning of our Third Century as an Independent Nation as well as the 200th
Anniversary of the American Revolution. For two centuries our Nation has grown,
changed and flourished. A diverse people, drawn from all corners of the earth,
have joined together to fulfill the promise of democracy. WASHINGTON
December 11, 1975
America's Bicentennial is rich in history and in the promise and potential of the years that lie ahead. It is about the events of our past, our achievements, our traditions, our diversity, our freedoms, our form of government and our continuing commitment to a better life for all Americans. The Bicentennial offers each of us the opportunity to join with our fellow citizens in honoring the past and preparing for the future in communities across the Nation. Thus, in joining together as races, nationalities, and individuals, we also retain and strengthen our traditions, background and personal freedom.
As we lay the cornerstone of America's Third Century, the very special part in this great national undertaking being played by Electronic Design in a special Bicentennial issue recognizing those who helped make this country great is most commendable.
— Gerald R. Ford —
Special Thanks to all who worked on this presentation at
Electronic Design
P.O. Box 13803, Philadelphia, PA 19101
P.O. Box 13803, Philadelphia, PA 19101
— Tommy Cichanowski —
Editorial
The
Great Men
We're
deeply honored that President
Gerald Ford should commend ELECTRONIC DESIGN for its tribute to the 200th
anniversary of the United States. But the commendation should belong, in fact,
to the men to whom ELECTRONIC DESIGN's Bicentennial report is a tribute.
Our industry rests on the
shoulders of these great men, as, does the technological progress of the United
States and, with it, the world. No nation today can long keep a technology to
itself. It is the nature of technology to diffuse throughout the world, just as
it spreads within a nation from one industrial company to others. This is nothing new. Technology has always transcended national boundaries. The world has always quickly forgotten the national origins of great discoveries and inventions, just as it has quickly forgotten the geographical source of man's achievements in the arts.
People often forget their great men and almost always forget the nations that housed them. Who remembers today that Alessandro Volta was Italian, that Andrè Marie Ampère was French, that James Watt was Scottish, that Georg Simon Ohm was German, that Michael Faraday was English and that Joseph Henry was a U.S. citizen? And who cares?
Without the contributions of these great men, today's electronics would not have been possible. But their contributions alone were not enough. Other men laid bricks on the foundation set by the pioneers. They designed vacuum tubes, then transistors, then integrated circuits, then large–scale integrated circuits. Other men added mortar. They designed circuits to apply the tubes, transistors and integrated circuits. They built these circuits into equipment and systems that have made it possible within the social and economic limits created by man–for man to live better.
Our industry's great men are dead. Or are they? Outside of a small circle, many of the great men who lived during the early days of the American nation were hardly recognized. Today, too, we hardly recognize the great men among us. But they are there. They'll be recognized and honored by our children.
George
Rostky
Editor–in–Chief
Electronic Design Magazine
Editor–in–Chief
Electronic Design Magazine
With
Our New "Eyes" to See, We All Can Make The
Water of Life !!!
No comments:
Post a Comment